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The word automobile comes, via the French automobile, from the Ancient Greek word ????? (autós, “self”) and the Latin mobilis (“movable”); meaning a vehicle that moves itself, rather than being pulled or pushed by a separate animal or another vehicle. The alternative name car is believed to originate from the Latin word carrus or carrum (“wheeled vehicle”), or the Middle English word carre (“cart”) (from Old North French), or karros (a Gallic wagon).[4][5]


History

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Main article: History of the automobile

Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built the first steam-powered vehicle around 1672 which was of small scale and designed as a toy for the Chinese Emperor, that was unable to carry a driver or a passenger, but quite possibly, was the first working steam-powered vehicle (‘auto-mobile’).[6][7]

Although Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is often credited with building the first self-propelled mechanical vehicle or automobile in about 1769, by adapting an existing horse-drawn vehicle, this claim is disputed by some[citation needed], who doubt Cugnot’s three-wheeler ever ran or was stable.

What is not in doubt is that Richard Trevithick built and demonstrated his Puffing Devil road locomotive in 1801, believed by many to be the first demonstration of a steam-powered road vehicle, although it was unable to maintain sufficient steam pressure for long periods, and would have been of little practical use.

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In Russia, in the 1780s, Ivan Kulibin developed a human-pedalled, three-wheeled carriage with modern features such as a flywheel, brake, gear box, and bearings; however, it was not developed further.[8]

François Isaac de Rivaz, a Swiss inventor, designed the first internal combustion engine, in 1806, which was fueled by a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen and used it to develop the world’s first vehicle, albeit rudimentary, to be powered by such an engine.

The design was not very successful, as was the case with others, such as Samuel Brown, Samuel Morey, and Etienne Lenoir with his hippomobile, who each produced vehicles (usually adapted carriages or carts) powered by clumsy internal combustion engines.[9]

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In November 1881, French inventor Gustave Trouvé demonstrated a working three-wheeled automobile that was powered by electricity. This was at the International Exhibition of Electricity in Paris.[10]

Although several other German engineers (including Gottlieb Daimler, Wilhelm Maybach, and Siegfried Marcus) were working on the problem at about the same time, Karl Benz generally is acknowledged as the inventor of the modern automobile.[9]

An automobile powered by his own four-stroke cycle gasoline engine was built in Mannheim, Germany by Karl Benz in 1885, and granted a patent in January of the following year under the auspices of his major company, Benz & Cie., which was founded in 1883. It was an integral design, without the adaptation of other existing components, and included several new technological elements to create a new concept. This is what made it worthy of a patent. He began to sell his production vehicles in 1888.



Karl Benz
A photograph of the original Benz Patent Motorwagen, first built in 1885 and awarded the patent for the concept

In 1879, Benz was granted a patent for his first engine, which had been designed in 1878. Many of his other inventions made the use of the internal combustion engine feasible for powering a vehicle.

His first Motorwagen was built in 1885, and he was awarded the patent for its invention as of his application on January 29, 1886. Benz began promotion of the vehicle on July 3, 1886, and about 25 Benz vehicles were sold between 1888 and 1893, when his first four-wheeler was introduced along with a model intended for affordability. They also were powered with four-stroke engines of his own design. Emile Roger of France, already producing Benz engines under license, now added the Benz automobile to his line of products. Because France was more open to the early automobiles, initially more were built and sold in France through Roger than Benz sold in Germany.

In 1896, Benz designed and patented the first internal-combustion flat engine, called a boxermotor in German. During the last years of the nineteenth century, Benz was the largest automobile company in the world with 572 units produced in 1899 and, because of its size, Benz & Cie., became a joint-stock company.

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Five Unforgettable Sports Cars From Movies

Actors always get their names in the credits, but cars rarely do. Nonetheless, there have been many films that featured scene-stealing sports cars that probably deserved to have their make and model mentioned as the movie ended. Though there are undoubtedly countless examples of great movie sports cars, at least five truly stand out.

Alfa Romeo from The Graduate

Dustin Hoffman may have been told that the future was in plastics, but he relied on the metal of an Alfa Romeo graduation gift to get him to the church just in time to stop that wedding. The cherry red Alfa Romeo with the personalized plates played a key role in the classic film. It was featured in multiple scenes and was used in the most critical moments of the movie. Everyone remembers the shot of the befuddled kid taken from under the leg of Mrs. Robinson. But everyone remembers that little car, too.

XB Falcon from Mad Max

If you are going to have to patrol a post-apocalyptic Australian wasteland in a car, you might as well do it in style. Mel Gibson, as Mad Max, did just that in the popular movie trilogy’s first installment. Zipping across what was left of civilization in a 1974 XB Falcon V8 interceptor, Mad Max was a formidable foe to those villains who survived the nuclear war. Although it was as road-weary and beat up as one would expect in such a dire situation, the XB Falcon still cut a stunning silhouette as it crossed what was left of the land down under.

Aston Martin from Goldfinger and Thunderball

If asked to name a British sports car producer, most Americans will say “Aston Martin.” That’s directly attributable to James Bond. Sure, having Sean Connery as James Bond behind the wheel is likely to make any sports car look cool, but the Aston Martin DB5 used in the films would have looked great even without Q’s notable upgrades. The Aston Martin was as much a character as Bond or either of his nemeses in the two films and remains a popular icon today. In fact, its popularity remained so high that the original used in the films, described by one of its owners as “the most popular car in the world” was actually stolen by a would be agent from a Boca Raton, Florida, airport in 1997.

Delorean DMC-12 from Back to the Future

Even without its time-traveling capabilities and mad scientist owner, the stainless steel DMC-12 was hard to forget. The gull-winged innovator never sold as well as its creator, John Delorean, had hoped, but it certainly became an American icon after its appearance in the Back to the Future films. The successful movie franchise and the DMC-12 have become inseparable in the public’s mind. One cannot talk of the movies without making mention to the car Christopher Lloyd built to go back in time.

Mustang from Bullitt

Steve McQueen is still regarded in some circles as the king of cool, and Bullitt is still remembered for its incomparable chase scenes through the hilly roads of San Francisco. McQueen took the famous romp in a 1968 Mustang GT390. That Mustang is still regarded as one of the best built in the franchise’s history and will long be remembered for its breath-taking maneuvers in one of America’s most interesting-to-drive cities. The car’s popularity actually led Ford to name a Mustang produced over thirty years after McQueen’s wild ride the “Bullit.”

It’s not uncommon to find movies featuring cars. The chase scene is an almost ubiquitous feature in modern film, after all. Occasionally, however, cars become a part of the movie. When a key role is given to a vehicle and the movie is a gem, the sports car can become unforgettable. Whether rescuing women from unwanted weddings or giving chase over Frisco hills, some sports cars have had movie roles worthy of Oscars.